Metaphor of Organization as Organism

Introduction Before the metaphor of organization as organism was introduced, organizations were viewed as machines. This metaphor of organizations as machines laid the foundation upon which organizations sought for more effective ways of responding to their external environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Metaphor of Organization as Organism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lack of flexibility that many bureaucratic organizations experienced forced organizational theorists to look for a different perception of organizations. As a result, theorists sought for answers in to biology, and more specifically ecology, to understand how organizations work. Hence the metaphor of organizations as organism was born. Ecology explains how organisms relate with their environments. When applied to organizations, â€Å"the social ecology of an organization implies there is a living system of relations between people, t heir small groups, and their communities,† (Morgan, 1998, p. 34). This paper discusses the metaphor of organization as an organism as proposed by Gareth Morgan. Discussion The notion of population ecology and its application to organizations borrows a leaf from the Darwinian assertion â€Å"survival for the fittest† whereby only the strongest of a particular species survives. The idea that organizations need to survive in the highly competitive business world in the wider external setting forced some organization theorists to look at organizations as open systems. Responding to the external environment requires a â€Å"stimulus response† (Buono Jamieson, 2010, p. 120) that is inherent in the organism metaphor. The open system ideology not only views the organization as a component of a bigger system, but also as constitute of integrated subsystems within the organization (Morgan, 1998). These systems mutually depend on each other and ideally assist each other to uphold several fundamental processes. In order for any organism to survive, it needs to understand its needs and vulnerabilities. This is also the case for an organization. Indeed, the growth and sustainability of any organization will not only enable it to survive in the highly competitive setting, but it will also enable it to be flexible enough to respond swiftly to the variations that take place as a result of variations in the environment. Flexibility and variations in an organization occur through redesign. Alvesson (2002) explains the redesigning as varying the fundamental make-up and procedure of an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The survival of an organization also requires effective leaders who are participative and democratic, contrary to the authoritarian or autocratic styles of leaders that are the norm for mechanistic organizations (Golembiewski , 2000.) Participative and democratic leaders support association and active participation of the members. Therefore, the survival of an organization is also dependent on the growth and development of its members. The growth of organizational members can be illustrated through the development of attractive jobs, and independence, dependability and acknowledgment. This will enable the organization to be productive and hence stay ahead of its competitors. Strengths of the Organism Metaphor of Organizations The earlier metaphors of organization (as machines) did not attach any importance to the role the environment plays in the survival of an organization (Massarik, 1995). The theories therefore viewed organizations as closed systems that could be constructed as clearly defined structures of components. On the other hand, the ideas proposed by the organism metaphor put emphasis on the environment in which organizations function and as a result organizations need to take into considerat ion their environments in order to survive. The organism metaphor puts emphasis on the organizational survival as the major objective of any organization. This is contrary to the focus of the earlier theories on the attainment of specific operational objectives (Jackson, 2000). Survival is a procedure which leads to the attainment of objectives and targets. This view adds flexibility and gives warning of the danger of treating goals and objectives as ends in themselves. This is a universal mistake of many organizations. The organism metaphor also focuses on the utilization and attainment of resources as well as the fulfilment of diverse needs which support a wider and suppler strategy (Magalhaes, 2004). The attainment of congruence with the environment is a major managerial chore. Weaknesses of the Organism Metaphor of Organizations Organisms are species that exist in a natural world with material characteristics that influence the survival and wellbeing of its members. This natural world can be seen, felt and touched. Nature is objective and real in every way. Nevertheless, this image is not realistic when applied to an organization because organizations and their environments are mainly socially construed phenomena (Taylor Every, 2000). Organizations are the results of visions, ideas, norms and beliefs, and therefore their form and make-up is more delicate and cautious than the material make-up of an organism. Even though there are numerous material elements of an organization, organizations basically depend for survival – in the form of persistent organizational activity – on the imaginative deeds of human beings. It is therefore deceptive to argue that organizations are required to adjust to their external settings, as the earlier theorists argue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Metaphor of Organization as Organism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The organiza tion as organism metaphor views organizations as entities that depend on the interdependence of its members for its survival. To a great extent, this metaphor is helpful in analyzing the functioning and survival of organizations particularly in reference to its external environment. Although the metaphor has much strength, it also has a number of limitations which have been discussed in this paper. Reference List Alvesson, M., 2002. Understanding organizational culture. London: Sage. Buono, A. Jamieson, D., 2010. Consultation for organizational change. New York: IAP. Golembiewski, R., 2000. Handbook of organizational consultation: revised and expanded. New York: CRC Press. Jackson, M., 2000. Systems approaches to management. London: Springer. Magalhaes, R., 2004. Organizational knowledge and technology: an action-oriented perspective on organization and information systems. London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Massarik, F., 1995. Advances in organization development: volume 3. New York : CRC Press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Morgan, G., 1998. Images of organization. London: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Taylor, J. Every, E., 2000. The emergent organization: communication as its site and surface. London: Sage. This essay on Metaphor of Organization as Organism was written and submitted by user Jazmin Vinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Blaming Rap and Hip-Hop for Negative Messages Essays

Blaming Rap and Hip-Hop for Negative Messages Essays Blaming Rap and Hip-Hop for Negative Messages Essay Blaming Rap and Hip-Hop for Negative Messages Essay American Military University Joe Guzman CMRJ205 Rape and Sexual Violence Dr. Nation Does Hip-Hop music send a negative message to our youth? Well some people think it does and others think differently about it. I think it goes both ways and but I’ll go more in detail in this essay. As far as I can remember, Hip-Hop music has ruled the industry and continues to till this day. The negative part of rap music that people say sends a negative message is the lyrics. Some songs talk about killing, drugs and gang violence. That’s the part I don’t care for but it sells so, it’ll continue to remain on top. Some music was blamed for shootings and some resulted in death. When it comes to violence, the Tupac and Biggy scandal comes to mind. This was labeled as an East and West coast war between the two. They both talked about killing each others families, having sex with each others wives, which lead to both of them being murdered (Dorian 2010). Tupac had some great songs that hit home for some people. One that hit home for was â€Å"Dear Mama†, it talked about him growing up and how his mother made the best for him and his sister with what they had. I love when rappers speak from experience and in ways can influences people positively. A rapper by the name of â€Å"Hurricane†, tells his four kids that what they see and hear is just a record or video that was produced (Samuels 1995). I think it’s good for rappers to explain this issue with their kids. It’ll give them a better understanding as they get older. Some of the negatives are when rappers get into trouble for drugs, murders and violations. Some kids look up to them as role models and when they see the trouble they get into they do the same or even worse. A lot of rappers stress to kids to stay in school and get an education. (Samuels 1995). Sometimes music is a way out for some people. A lot of rappers grew up in the hood and were in and out of trouble but used music as strength to get out. I think the media portrays it differently and blows rap music out of proportion, as they do everything. The media is quick to put out the negative things but what about the positive things that they do. Some rappers give back and help out in any way they can. I just read about rapper T. I. talking some kid out of committing suicide. That’s definitely a highlight but I bet not too many people heard about it. In closing, I think rap music goes both ways as far as sending negative messages to our youth. Do I think it can be cleaned up, yes but people need to understand that this is a way of living for some. It’ll be an on going battle but in the end Hip-Hop is here to stay and is on top. References Louise I. Gerdes, ED (2008) Sexual violence. , GALE Cengage Learning John H. McWhorter, (2003) City Journal Is Hip Hop The epitome of What’s Wrong with Todays Youth (2010) from, http://doriandonp. wordpress. com/2010/02/11/is-hip-hop-the-epitome-of-whats-wrong-with-todays-youth/ Boyce Watkins, PhD (2009) from, bvonmoney. com/2009/06/07/whats-wrong-with-hip-hop-check-the-paper-trai Anita M. Samuels, (1995) Rap Family Values: Golden Rule Rules

Reading and Writing Skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading and Writing Skill - Essay Example The author Jiayan NI wrote all the articles. Analysis of "sense and sensibility" Jane Austin-Question 1 We see two fundamental aims of moral psychology or moral philosophy. Many hold values that they often claim to be sacred. Life in most religions and in many ethical systems hold that "life" is held scared. Tetlocks in 1986 said that concept of value pluralism that "life", can hold a value of pluralism. The world in general, does not allow human beings to hold a single principle as sacred. Instead, "life" is full of difficult choices that demand that we balance one value against another. In the case of" sense and sensibility," Jane Austin shows the value of money over love and love over money (Tetlock, 1986). This considered as a cause and effect analysis. The movie keeps the attention of the audience through the representation of the heroin. Jiayan NI does not explore the moral psychology or moral philosophy of the argument. Analysis of glamour plot "pride and prejudice"-Question 2 This is another classic love story in American Literature by Jane Austin. Psychologists have found that implicit attitudes are a predictor for certain human behaviour. Implicitly there are stereotypes predicted through discrimination against female's job applicants as shown in the Rudman and Boride study done in 1995 (Rudman, 1995). Another study done by Rudman and Glick in 2001 found that study participants who help strongly imply that attitudes connecting women with communal traits are common for the example women being more helpful while men are more agnostic (Rudman, 2001). Researchers have noted a societal shift over the last few decades from old-fashion racism to modern racism. Old fashion racism is explicit and often accompanied by hostility. Implicit attitudes are more likely to occur when decision makers are using implicit attitudes instead of thinking. This also indicates that themes are most often the most explored ideas in literary work. There seems to continue a theme of love, reputation, and class. Motifs in a novel are a literary structure that continues to show up in the writings. Jane Austin shows this in the writing of the courtship between Darcy and Elizabeth and Bingley and Jane. Nearly every scene in the novel takes place indoors. This is significant, the reason that changes the scenes. Austin uses argument and persuasion through-out the read. NI states in the blog that in18th century histories that it was traditional to focus on marrying their children to the rich. We may know this tactic as traditional rhetoric to refer to this piece as means to persuade the reading audience (Sharkey, 2004). Social Journal in-The Sydney Morning Herald-Question 3 Related to society and culture in an Australian newspaper, this article appears in the paper to uncover different viewpoints and issues that appear in our society and the culture. This Analysis's is the presentation of facts as the author Jiayan NI sees them. NI uses a combination of deductive a nd inductive or formal and informal reasoning in the articles that he writes for the paper. Inductive and deductive reasoning gives the reason why he holds a particular view. Ni uses examples to his pieces that logically serve to lead to his paragraphs that contain explanations, comparisons, definitions and descriptions of the subject he is writing about (Sharkey, 2004). Carbon Tax in the Sydney newspaper-Question 4 Reported in the Sydney paper on May 16, 2011, the issue of Carbon Tax seems to be a hot topic. This case of carbon tax as written by NI contains logical fallacies. Fallacy in his case is often a minor one. However, NI assumes this tax will lead to the loss of jobs. Through this assumption, he believes that it will lend

LATE ADULTHOOD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LATE ADULTHOOD - Essay Example However, evidence suggests that married persons tend to be happier in late adulthood than single persons, though those who have never married often cope the best with feelings of loneliness in late life. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) proposed a lifespan theory of development. He described the late adult stage of our life as coming to accept one's whole life and reflecting on that life in a positive manner. He calls this stage of development Integrity versus Despair. According to Erikson, achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself, one's accomplishments, and coming to terms with mortality. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to undo the past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. On the other hand, some may look back at their lives with a sense of doubt or gloom over their life's worth. This results in feelings of despair. For Erikson, successful resolution of this stage results in the virtue wisdom. Overweight can contribute to many an illness. The term overweight is generally used to indicate that a human has more body fat than is considered useful for the optimal functioning of the body. Being overweight is a fairly common condition for many people, especially those in developed nations where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles often do not involve a lot of activities that generate caloric expenditure.

Indian Independence Speech Essay Example for Free

Indian Independence Speech Essay As you know all of us have gathered here to celebrate 67th independence day of our nation. This day, after the hosting national flag, we usually make mistake by remembering the heroic deeds of only few freedom fighters. But freedom fighting was collective effort. Without cooperation, sacrifice and involvement of all Indians it was impossible to get the freedom. So people of India were the real national heroes behind the success. We should express our sincere gratitude to all those who participated in the freedom struggle. This can only be done by defending our freedom like our ancestral property which cannot be valued. How to defend? Single person cannot defend it; again group effort is essential it is nothing but unity. How to form this unity? We should always remember that only patriotism can form unity irrespective of religion, language, caste, customs and traditions. So having patriotism only can save the freedom of our nation. To keep faith in secularism No compromise must be with patriotism, Punish the forces that support terrorism Else one bad day we will loose our freedom. I would like to express my views about the dark side of Present India. How should I say ‘My INDIA is great’? In this republic from schools to parliament, Elections are held at every moment, Children’s are taught fighting for the seat, How should I say ‘My India is great’? Even after golden jubilee of unconstraint, Many citizens are unable to fill their gut, Rich become richer and rests are indigent, How should I say ‘My India is great’? People are emotionally divided by communalist, Border in the north and south has water dispute, Leaders are selfish and have no solving interest, How should I say ‘My India is great’? Capable civilians are facing unemployment, Socially unfits have led the political movements, Voters are under tense of serious terror threat, How should I say ‘My India is great’? All are seeking benefits without effort, Bribery has become the style of management, Whole country pushed into a big corruption pit, How should I say ‘My India is great’? I pray to the divine creator with sentiment, Please give birth to sincere nationalist, Who should drive my nation towards overall development, So that I should say ‘My India is great’ Apart from these Our India is great country because Indians are generous, broad minded, kind hearted and united. No doubt we quarrel among ourselves for various reasons but we stay united in front enemies and in times of danger. I have got few facts which are in support of above statements. During Kargil war our Govt couldn’t spend even a single paisa from the budget but people gave every kind support for it. During Tsunami in Chennai, Flood in Bihar and Orissa, draught in the country, earthquake in Gujarat and Maharashtra and similar other natural disasters people stood united and helped each other, extended all kind of cooperation to start a new life. So I Say that My India is great and Indians are the greatest. â€Å"I am proud to be an Indian† India is a great country with many religions. It has rich natural resources and lengthy frontier with vast region. North has The Himalayas and south with the Hindu ocean, Bay of Bengal in the east and the west has the sea Arabian. It’s being administered with language wise partition. All are leading peaceful life with national integration. Enemy’s conspiracy is impossible with the unity of the nation. Festivals are celebrated here with memorable function.People help each other in time of affliction. So my India is great also I am proud to be an Indian.

Othello: the Abnormal Essay -- Othello essays

Othello: the Abnormal Five Works Cited  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello presents to the audience a very abnormal character in the person of Iago. Also can one classify the epileptic seizure of Othello as normal? Let us in this essay consider the abnormal in the play. The abnormal behavior of the ancient is partly rooted in his misogynism. In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne implicates Iago in sexism. He is one who is almost incapable of any other perspective on women than a sexist one: Iago’s worry that he cannot do what Desdemona asks implies that his dispraise of women was candid and easily produced, while the praise requires labour and inspiration from a source beyond himself. His insufficiency is more surprising because elsewhere in the play Iago appears as a master rhetorician, but as Bloch explains, ‘the misogynistic writer uses rhetoric as a means of renouncing it, and, by extension, woman.’ (163) And how about epilepsy? In Act 4 the evil Iago works up Othello into a frenzy regarding the missing kerchief. The resultant illogical, senseless raving by the general is a prelude to an epileptic seizure or entranced state: Lie with her? lie on her? – We say lie on her when they belie her. – Lie with her! Zounds, that’s fulsome. – Handkerchief – confessions – handkerchief! – To confess, and be hanged for his labor – first to be hanged, and then to confess! I tremble at it. [. . .] (4.1) Cassio enters right after the general has fallen into the epileptic trance. Iago explains to him: IAGO. My lord is fall’n into an epilepsy. This is his second fit; he had one yesterday. CASSIO. Rub him about the temples. IAGO. No, forbear. The lethargy must have his quie... ...l find Iago peeping out from many of its pages. Still more, Iago’s name will be found appearing occasionally in bold print in books on abnormal psychology. (89-90)    WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Deadly Feasts

Erica Dunyon Directed Readings Deadly Feasts by Richard Rhodes I have to admit, on the opening scene I was really skeptical about reading this book. I really have always hated the idea of cannibalism, so when I was reading and imagining this, in my mind one word came to my attention, â€Å"Disgusting! † Progression into the book, however, received my attention, and I continued forward. I enjoyed reading this book. It was very informative, easy to understand, and easy to read. I learned about various prion diseases and their effect on each species they infect.Deadly Feasts is about spongiform encephalopathies including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapies, Rida, Kuru, and mad cow disease. This book explains the relationships each spongiform disease has in common with each other, as well as their signs and symptoms. Mad cow disease and scrapies are quite similar to each other, and was endemic in Britain when this book was published. Another rare disease occurring in humans known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has then been related to mad cow disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is one in which eats human brains. Kuru is thought to be another spongiform disease.Kuru was thought to be a result of sorcery. Initially when this disease was discovered, the belief was leaning toward this disease taking on a genetically transmissible role. After much research, it is known that it is a transmissible disease spread by the consumption of infected flesh. The extremely unusual thing about kuru, along with other spongiform encephalopathies, is that it lacks the presence of inflammation. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are also known as prion diseases. The infectious microbe in TSEs is a specific protein called prion protein.These prion proteins and proteins of the brain are extremely similar. This may be the reason these proteins are not detected by the immune system which is why they do not cause inflammation. These diseases are unique because they are impo ssible to kill. They have been exposed to virtually everything including, extreme temperatures and radiation, and still have the ability to infect and cause disease. Gajdusek believed that transmission of these spongiform encephalopathies was in the form of protein in diseased dead animals, including sheep and cattle that were fed to other cattle.Rhodes refers to a concept known as industrial cannibalism. This means that the supplements were made from dead cows. Despite the fact that cattle were coming down with a disease that decreases the cow population, supplements were still made with the remaining’s of diseased cattle and fed to other cattle. Transmission of this disease can occur months or even up to decades because the disease can incubate for the allotted time. Britain was responsible for the initiation of research in this epidemic group of diseases. Britain did not inform the public in regards to this disease.They also bought diseased animals for half of the market v alue. The British government banned individuals from feeding animal waste to other animals, in 1989 to limit the spread of these diseases. In addition to limitting the transmission of these diseases, as a safety measure, the FDA prevented industries from feeding cattle protein from dead sheep, cattle, and other susceptible diseased animals. Europe still has increasing cases of the disease, which it infects many various herds and species of animals, supporting that the epidemic disease is able to spread across the species barrier The British government, by making the wrong public health choices, has conducted a frightening natural experiment, allowing a lethal disease agent to spread through the human food supply, exposing the entire British population. † (Rhodes 97) America is trying to prevent the spread of spongiform disease transmission from Britain to the U. S. by manufacturing our own beef and meat products. Unfortunately, it would not be known if the disease has affected our population until it is a point when it might be too late. TSE’s are essentially unidentifiable until they progress to the point of brain damage. † (Rhodes 97) Spongiform diseases are still a known problem in the world, and the protection we give ourselves, or lack of protection is an issue brought up by Rhodes. Rhodes refers that spongiform diseases might be Britain's †new Black Death. † He states that the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are public health problems and not only clinical. Transmission is controlled by actions of both social and institutional aspects.The term the â€Å"new Black Death† refers to the ease of the transmission of the disease. If the plan for eradication is not carefully planned and executed, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies can be a serious epidemically known disease that can cause many deaths. In conclusion, I recommend Deadly Feasts to all individuals, not necessarily limited to only those interest ed in microbiology. This book gives insight on a former, and always possible, group of diseases that can become epidemic at any time. I believe knowledge is power, so knowing about these diseases only contributes to public safety.